Soil compaction refers to校玩 the lack of organic matter du銀很e to the lack of organ費就ic matter, poor structure, under t唱吃he influence of irrigation, rainfa音亮ll and the dispersion of soi錯長l material, and after drying,下內 the soil surface bec她錯omes hardened by cohesi市愛on.

一.How does the 從熱soil compaction form?

(1) The content妹拍 of organic matter is做微 an important indicator o草兒f soil fertility and mass st會花ructure. The reduction of organic靜商 matter leads to綠西 soil compaction. The low conte有習nt of soil organic matter affect一信s the activity of microorganisms, thu視體s causing the formation of soil ma黑工ss structure, leading to soil comp化生action.

(2) When excessive potassium fertiliz外間er is applied to the s林金oil, the potassium ion replacem空山ent in the potassium fertilizer is pa理樂rticularly strong, 計兵which can replace the multivalent cati爸歌ons forming the soil 他去mass structure, while t上土he monovalent potassium 金筆ion does not have the role of b西知ond bridge, and the bond bridge o白書f the soil mass structure河影 is destroyed, which des問家troys the mass 女科structure, resulting i下空n soil compaction.

(3) Soil mass struc空高ture is an important indicator of 歌作soil fertility. The destru照得ction of soil mass structure 得山leads to the reduction of soil water 但家retention capacity and permeability, re少書sulting in soil co了我mpaction.

(4) The soil particle structure is com動嗎posed of negatively charged soil 友西clay particles and organic matter co風作nnected by positive見在ly charged multivalent cati市東ons.

(5) the acid and alka好妹line level of the soil嗎厭 is too large or too愛書 small, the following acid rain.

二.Factors that cause th年務e soil compaction

1. Farming metho子這ds

In the process of agricultural 唱微farming, many pe刀物ople choose rotary f月裡arming, such farming can achieve很多 surface leveling, soil f說醫inely, save the benefits of labor, thu月人s popularize hig兵西her, but the depth of rotary tilla科嗎ge is often too shallow,樹地 farmland soil texture t麗志oo sticky, clay c近子lay content, comb黃錯ined with the culti鄉都vation layer average l站女ess than 20 cm, soil capillar秒玩y pores in less, ventilatio事資n, permeability, heatin聽地g, after the rain, easy to bloc不員k pores, soil surfa店水ce skin.

2. Excessive use of chemical fe亮是rtilizer

(1) In the use of fertilize慢空r, people often i費數gnore the harm of chemical fer下歌tilizer. Too much, the use of chemic亮關al fertilizer, straw returning, make 公下the organic mater玩地ial in the soil, soil organic matter co懂長ntent is low, structur煙年e, soil nutrient imbalance, espe窗錯cially the use of potash and ammoni樂頻um nitrogen fertilizer, a so聽唱il mass structure dam吃紙age, affect the activity of microorga謝黃nisms, cause so日友il acid alkaline too large 作月or too small, lead 小森to soil compaction.

(2) The application 農購of organic fertilizer is seri男海ously insufficient. 身也Heavy nitrogen, light pho地去sphorus and potassium fertilizer, 劇是soil organic matter dec通放line, humus matter can not be 短信replenished in time月謝, causing soil compaction and cracking拍草.① Excessive application of nitrog也身en fertilizer: the nitrogen很秒 supply of microorg時白anisms increases by 1, the corresp話女onding consumption of carbo話件n will increase by 25, the carbon工飛 consumption comes from soil o看呢rganic matter, org機分anic matter content is l亮輛ow, affecting the activity資什 of microorganisms, thus affe劇志cting the formation of soil mass s票物tructure, leading to soil compacti村煙on.② Excessive application of phospha樂玩te fertilizer: the phosp媽裡hate ions in the phospha醫一te fertilizer and calcium, 頻她magnesium and other cati書兒ons in the soil combined t靜農o form insoluble phosphate, n用雪amely the waste of phosphate fertilize紅樹r, and destroyed the soil mass些在 structure, resulting in 化為soil compaction.③ Excessi爸店ve application of potassium fer畫鐘tilizer: the potassi個要um ion replacement i坐錢n potassium fertilizer is草樂 particularly st習聽rong, can replace th司風e multivalent cation of the soil m校風ass structure, and the monovalent potas唱電sium ion does not have the role of a b還視ond bridge, the bond bridge場去 of the soil mass structure is destr站朋oyed, also destroyed the m話舊ass particle structure, resulting 玩懂in soil compaction.

3, the use of plastic p有黑roducts

In the facility shed, because the 喝嗎mulch and plastic bags are not cleaned 哥相up, they can not be comp女匠letely decomposed in the soil, for照間ming harmful blocks. Every year in雪聽 China, the was服黑te plastic enter自路ing the landfill site accounts for 3%也劇 -5% of the weight of the l近熱andfill waste. M場年ost of them are plastic bags, which 會文are not easy to degrade i又謝nto the soil, result少畫ing in soil compaction.

4. Mechanical s去熱uppression and ploughing Due to身中 the influence of too deep mechanica就白l tillage, the soil particle struct民快ure was destroye湖白d. Every year, only part of the ferti來大lizer applied into the soi也歌l is absorbed and utili明校zed by the seasonal crops, and the res時熱t is fixed by the soil,長雨 forming a large amount of acid dep熱資osits, resulting in so爸議il compaction.

5. Unreasonable irrigation 我腦Due to the unreasonable drought re個長sistance, the use 場問of flood irrigation, coupled wi慢錢th dry climate and o冷算ther factors, most of the water is eva亮草porated in a short time, result答現ing in soil surface compaction, m子科ay also cause the phenomenon麗得 of flooding, r雨冷esulting in serious damage to the黑動 soil mass structure, the用匠 formation of soil compaction.

6, the accumulation of s坐聽oil harmful substances I我技n some places, the content of gr的錯oundwater, industrial wastewater and們木 toxic substances is high, 你視and the excessive accu下文mulation of toxic substances in th物店e long-term use of ir現信rigation causes t懂間he surface soil compaction.

7. Heavy rain soil erosion

After the rainstorm, the fine分能 soil particles of the topsoil 不謝layer were taken away, destroying the 上慢soil structure.

三.The harm of so他和il hardening

1, the plant root respiration is 師民blocked In the case of soil co用商mpaction or long-term flo就厭oding, cell respiration請有 in the root of pl歌有ants is weakened, and商坐 nutrients such as nitrogen mostly 在樹exist in ionic 紙動state, absorbed by active tr通山ansport, to consume the energy produce計鐵d by cell metabolism. Breaath is 從音weakened, so the energy supply那費 is insufficient, affecting ab我輛sorption.

2, the plant roots can n唱姐ot develop normall習東y Soil mass stru學通cture is an important離制 indicator of soil fertilit匠土y. The destruction of soil mass 睡街structure leads t對暗o the reduction of soil wat唱店er retention capacity and perm明報eability, resulting in soil跳體 compaction. The roots of plant也朋s in this state will 機上decrease their vitality 村劇due to hypoxia.03

3, resulting in plan習金t deficiency disease The 化計symptoms of plant deficie年事ncy are not necessarily the lack of南唱 this element in t紅妹he soil, but the decrease of root abs愛歌orption capacity caused by 花的a series of problems such as低白 soil compaction, unsuitable s器老oil pH, or uneven so北道il water supply.

四.The solution path of so鐘請il hardening

1. Deep ploughing and rotary tilla短美ge combination Sci吃月entific and moderate deep t要呢illage should be about 35 cm, which化吧 is conducive to the protection o海歌f soil tillage layer str藍人ucture and the growth of crop roots.

2. Improve the sticky soil The cha間是racteristics of soil physical a分土nd chemical prope校男rties were completely chan門在ged by using sand soil and organic fe黑用rtilizer.

3. Effectively p你就romote straw returning to the就市 field Straw returning to森行 the field can improve the physical p朋弟roperties of soil, straw c謝木rushing returning to the field c愛影an improve the soil organic mat城區ter content, increa紅的se soil porosity, coordinate water,道鐘 fertilizer and gas heat in soil草黑, create a good environment for so文空il microbial activities, which is condu黑從cive to organic matter decomposition, s對土oftening and improvement 玩場of soil physical and chemic答兒al properties.

4. Appropriate use of soil amendm她兵ents Using the soil improvement con雜服ditioner, the div信樹alent cations such as silicon, calciu喝還m and iron in the conditioner and喝數 the organic and inorganic colloi票頻d in the soil can些為 quickly form the soil par女離ticle structure, solve the proble雪短m of soil compaction見能, promote the growth of crop roo費知ts, and adjust the proportion 學紅of solid phase, liquid phase and醫姐 gas phase of the soil.

5. Adopt soil testi器件ng and formula fertilization technol信鄉ogy According to 慢員the soil test basis, using t明著he combination of organic and inorg舊不anic fertilizer, orga動上nic fertilizer, r錯草educe pure chemical fertilizer, reas明店onable application 船畫of organic activat離空ion of fertiliz他個er nutrition pack子兒age jia beauty dividends, profit, p快森otassium, etc., the soil not長他 only not harden s音不oil, and will increase the org做人anic matter content, improve th錯弟e soil structure, at th紙和e same time of i體窗ncreasing fertility increase water姐我 permeability, further impr報草ove the quality of soil, ca媽小n avoid the occurrenc畫科e of hardening.

6. Promote sloping land c我吧ultivation technology

Using soil gathering and cultivation姐好 technology to reduce so刀麗il erosion during rainstorm.

7, saline land and non能匠-saline land

(1) Non-saline land

The main reason for s志照oil compaction is the destruction刀作 of soil structure, and the soil bulk 厭鐘density can be re是舊duced by deep ploughing, deep光市 turning, planting gre高們en fertilizer and returnin開是g to the field, and applyin道商g more organic fertilizer.

(2) Salt alkali land

It can be done by flood irrigation an遠睡d pressure salt, dig明討ging alkali drainage channel (bot低吃h methods are water 近道to wash away salt) c錢討ombined with some agronomic measure慢還s such as planting gre友服en fertilizer (sal相劇ine-alkali plants), applyin場新g organic fertili說工zer, leveling the 間新land and other methods.友東

8, the rational use of fertilizer

(1) The use of beneficial bacteria

Organic matter breaks down in紙道 soil to form humus in soil, and兒議 finally promotes the formation大通 of mass structu水秒re from soil microorganisms. Therefore一月, to break the soil compa好關ction to timely application of fertil火話izer containing bacteria, in影舊crease the soil microorganis煙在ms.

(2) Use of humic acid fertilizer地說s

Humus is the ma畫行in component of the m下員ass structure, and hum站報us is mainly obtained by the 見醫decomposition of organic matter by風兒 soil microorga樂喝nisms. Therefore, directly sup書北plementing suffici銀鐘ent humic acid to the soil can greatly問厭 increase the number of aggrega著計te structures, thus森很 improving the soil compaction proble秒我m.

(3) Increase the use of soil condit線姐ioner, and the specific ef費花fects of soil con地白ditioner are as follows:

Increase the use of soil conditio數照ner, and the specific ef不土fects of soil conditioner are as follow年電s:

Improve the soil p水筆ermeability. Due to improper fertiliza就子tion and other problem森外s, the soil compaction si刀跳tuation is also quite serious知國. The addition of some soil 廠地conditioner can pro區自mote the formation唱如 of the aggregate structu書爸re, thus breaking the 務銀hardening and increasing its air 區近permeability.

Supplement of soil nutrition. Some 木我soil regulators are rich in trac兒歌e elements such as silico化可n, calcium, magnesium, which 場女can promote root growth. The appl自看ication of such soil regu睡遠lators can replenish s票裡oil nutrients to some extent...

Inhibit harmful bacteria理嗎. Some soil conditione中暗r have a certain ba要金ctericidal effect, after a金從pplication, can redu為鐵ce the occurrence of 這身soil-borne dise她美ases.

Improve the utilization ra唱老te of fertilizer, promote crop high yie技分ld and high quality.