In recent years, soil problems o購唱ccur frequently in sheds舞光, which not only makes vegetables銀男 difficult to obtain high yield, but al又錢so affects the servi嗎醫ce life of sheds. Some expert廠銀s with eight words 學醫summed up the main problems facing the 電東current soil, to see if your gree說內nhouse has been hit.

一Soil problem eight strange

1, board: soil h個長ardening, the more th匠些e board

Soil "hardening"都作; means that the soil structure is des購農troyed, the tillage layer becomes ha爸舊rd, and the water permeability is他道 poor, seriously affect麗友ing the normal growth of crop 土來roots

(1) Main reasons:

Organic fertilizer input is seriously月劇 insufficient. The soil organic matter跳高 content is low an錢線d the structure雪媽 is poor, which affects話訊 the activity of 友外microorganisms, thus aff家銀ecting the formation of soil mass st下愛ructure, leadin冷可g to soil compaction.

Long-term excessive and partial applic厭哥ation of chemical fertilizer. L草女ong-term excessive applicati視下on of large chemi就北cal fertilizer, destro區公yed the soil structure, soil o了光rganic matter can not be rep看如lenished in tim門做e, causing soil comp資可action and crac電就king.

(2) Main hazards:

A decrease in the r和腦oot system capac舞拿ity. In the case of soil comp到信action, hypoxia leads to the declin得子e of root vitality, unable to d區時evelop normally, weakened respir又科ation, and affects the ab我制sorption of nutrients.

2, greedy: mine車劇ral nutrition ratio imbalance, the年吃 more planted, the more greedy

The growth of crops needs 1南了6 kinds of essentia從哥l nutrients, but in daily man城化agement, only pay attent遠新ion to the application of nitro票老gen, phosphorus an木時d potassium fertilizer, ignoring m匠答edium and trace element fertilizer, re我下sulting in the depletion of tra間笑ce elements in the soil and the e媽器nrichment of a large numbe制近r of elements.

(1) Main performance:

With more and more fert討讀ilizer input, the yield and qual劇高ity of fruits and vegetables did n商問ot improve, but showed 長商a downward trend.

(2) Main hazards:

Physiological deficiency disorder. 議請Such as calcium, magnesium, iro土船n, etc.

Poor growth of veget時秒ables, reduced qualit藍多y of agricultural produc通錯ts, etc.

3, poor: the lower the conte藍光nt of organic matter,放街 the more poor

The organic matter電要 of soil is an important par愛刀t of soil structure and an im聽近portant indicator of so湖她il fertility.

(1) Main problems:

At present, the number o銀有f multiple croppi吃數ng crops increases, and ch鐘不emical fertilizer is app用樹lied in excess, while美哥 the application of organic fertil也做izer is seriously insuffic個門ient or the use method is個志 unreasonable.

(2) Main hazards:

The serious loss of soil organic matt兵廠er, the destruction of soil家北 mass structure, and the reduction of火雪 soil water retention, fer匠行tilizer retention capacity, permeabil睡行ity and buffer per但工formance, seriously affec匠劇t the yield of c男東rops and the econom湖多ic benefits of plant對草ing shed.

4, shallow: the 動能tillage layer becomes sha明在llow, the more shallow

Due to the long-term use of rota一票ry tillage machine, most of t時說he soil tillage la筆影yer becomes shallo可如w, and the effective active做科 soil layer is only 15-2 cm.

The formation of "plough botto都內m" hinders t睡草he upper and lower街懂 circulation of soil一藍 water, nutrients and a人大ir, and hinders the extension o紙朋f crop roots. The鐵現 soil water stor話學age capacity is getting worse and鄉來 worse, and the drought resistan開器ce performance is constant樹朋ly declining.

5, acid: soil acidification, t理鐘he more the more acid

The normal, neutra河暗l soil pH value is around 7.

(1) Main reasons:

Precipitation or w謝門atering is large and concentrat話舞ed.

Long-term heavy applica照錯tion of chemical fertil時歌izers is an import她事ant cause of soil事農 acidification,去國 because most chemical fertilizers 厭知are acid fertilizers. (2) Main haz術舊ards:

Change the soil microb視體ial environment: when soi睡綠l acidification, the number of harmful 現輛microorganisms in the soil will incre票技ase, and the numb商去er of beneficial 答都microbial populations wil紅開l greatly decre身慢ase, thus increasing the incidenc他森e of root diseases.

Soil structure is destro來窗yed: when the microbial environment i他鐵n the soil is destroyed, the mass麗制 structure of the soil is destroyed ac你藍cordingly.

The absorption rat輛年e of soil nutri視術ents is generally the hi少制ghest in the neutr船錯al or less acidic soil. When the pH i票討s significantly increased or decreased,國間 the absorption要快 rate of soil nutrients will decreas草兵e.

Root knot nematode: root哥近 knot nematode likes acidic soil env在北ironment, when the soil 兒日becomes sour, the number of年村 root knot nematode will be日筆come more, thus做樹 causing the occurrence of愛爸 root knot nematode dise讀票ase.

6, salty: soil salini微拍ty

Simply put, the soil contains to體藍o much salt. Say some reali內北ty, green frost, red frost, 紅妹white frost, these phenomena have been雪路 seen? This is th明不e intuitive manifestation of soil s著我alinization.

(1) Main reasons銀來:

Closed facility environment筆林: under facility cultivation, crops hav唱相e a large demand for 風化soil water, which will make the salt i身火n the deep soil mov店區e up to the surf器區ace layer with the wat內身er evaporation.

Unreasonable fertilization但得: excessive use of large fertilizers,快嗎 and the use of愛日 unripe fermented manur用歌e, this is the ma妹從in reason.

Unreasonable tillage method: 們為the tillage layer 女看becomes shallow, the formation o飛公f the plough layer, the salt is easy to就相 accumulate in the tillage layer is看費 difficult to pene議鄉trate, so that the salt cont姐雨ent of the soil 來很surface increases year by year.

(2) Main hazards:

Physiological toxicity of sa知冷lt ions. Some amount of 關到salt, causing cro票房p poisoning.

Cause a physiologica習短l drought in crops. Like pickles, t笑章he water requirem劇但ents for crops are difficult to mee學個t.

Affect the nutrient uptake of crops. To街道o much soil sal外到t seriously damages the phys村慢iological function of th和又e root system, which seriously 務身affects the nutrient和月 absorption.

A decline in soil function. When t資答he salt content in the soil is too hi師會gh, it suppresses the acti資草vity of soil microorganisms and affects兒場 the soil function.

7, dirty: soil pollution, the mor慢老e planted, the more dirty

The main types include heavy metal p得都ollution and organic matter 跳弟pollution.

(1) Main reasons:

The residue of ch紅慢emical fertilizers, pesticides, agr黑區icultural film, org和工anic fertilizer without fermentation an男站d decay treatment, as well as con門算tinuous cropping and disease and in弟離sect pests pathogens, these pollutants話錢 residual soil for 時音a long time, once beyond the so舊水il itself purification capacity will舞讀 cause soil pollution.

(2) Main hazards:

The soil ecological 這微balance will be destroyed, a large numb從些er of soil beneficia林件l microorganisms wil關好l die, soil phys門爸ical, chemical and biol裡中ogical properties will deterior花窗ate, soil activity will decline, and so去大il function will deteri人校orate.

8, miscellaneous:算拿 heavy stubble obstacle, the more plan腦術ted, the more miscellaneous

A typical phenomenon, the new sh為書ed crop root disease is less, the old技視 shed not only heavy dis志現ease, and the yield and q科月uality are not id金北eal.

Main reason: the soi雪哥l biological charact文靜eristics of the new she空秒d are relatively good, and the harmful 醫農bacteria (miscellaneous化兒 bacteria) and benefi話技cial bacteria are in a雨物 balanced state. W愛時hen we keep planting and app吃小lying chemical fertilizers,喝睡 the microbial b朋銀acteria in the 跳購soil begin to gradually imbalanc友了e, that is, the 但黑number of harmful bacter計下ia (miscellaneous bacteria) accumulate計明s more and more, the number o視身f beneficial bacteria is 視低less and less.

2. How to do the學請 soil improvement?

From the soil physical 頻低structure, chemical traits and biolo些村gical traits three aspects.

1. Improvement of soil 睡去physical structu裡藍re

(1) Soil conditioner

The function of soi拿購l conditioner is to st也藍ick the broken soil p會地articles into small part唱靜icles, that is, t我吧o restore the struct快微ure of soil particles. Sp微可ecific should b電謝e Is more convenient to use, farme嗎老rs before or after turni月綠ng, directly on the ground, and th個書en water, soil co技綠nditioner under the ac懂聽tion of water wil站喝l become particularly sticky, a small p內我articles will form so了員il colloid, the colloid些朋 formed the soil mass 謝兒structure, guarantee soil perm行就eability, fertilizer, root is媽快 more likely to地可 go down.

(2) Straw

Especially for 7-1 體爸years of shed, the effect of 頻車straw is very good, better than t報算he use of organic f電鐘ertilizer alone. Now man城男y vegetable farmers are still using un木資ripe manure as organic fertilizer, th雨你e harm is relatively large. W秒內hether chicken dung, cow du答話ng, use can be ferment技雨ed by adding straw.議街 Take chicken manure as an example, 雜報which is rich in organic matt美到er, nitrogen, phospho會樹rus and potassium, a layer of chicke舊光n manure and a lay我近er of straw, pil街木ed together rotten fermentation, not花舞 only can not only亮個 reduce the salt in chicken這美 manure, but also mo頻討re organic matter, w坐河hile high temperature fe美懂rmentation can eliminate a 事筆large number of pa金森thogenic bacteria.紅的 In the plots with serious soil 師見salinization, st為資raw can be used in large quan數熱tities. And the process o畫門f straw decay can a在能bsorb a part of the salt坐為 and reduce the匠就 soil salinizat關化ion.

2. Improvement of soil chemi討美cal traits

(1) It is not re短子commended to use cement and quickli但分me to adjust the pH value of the東新 soil

Some vegetable farmer科間s choose cement, quickl廠放ime as a conditioner to司通 improve the soil chemical 光靜traits. If the soi雨照l is seriously acidif計藍ied, after the use of cement and quick玩湖lime, the pH value will certainly長快 increase, and the soil離機 acidification on the surface ha體外s been solved. The disadvantage of民房 this practice i國紙s that it cannot solve the salinizatio黃飛n, and seriously damages the soil str女西ucture, leading鐘兵 to the deterioration of 黃從soil.

(2) To reduce the amount of che音員mical fertilizer, you can use some al錯農kaline chemical fertilizer, 路章such as magnesium hydroxide, which can 什醫adjust the soil pH value to a c子作ertain extent, and will not form 問飛precipitation.

(3) Improve the utiliza子跳tion rate of chemical fertilizer

Soil chemical properties and chemi照費cal fertilizer utilization 話制rate are closely correlated. A村的t present a lot of old shed compou答靜nd fertilizer util計快ization rate is very low, some old sh看鄉ed alone use compound ferti得湖lizer, utilization rate o國風f 15%, that is to us自她e 1 catty compound fertilizer in空靜 the field, can be absorbed b還時y crops only about算讀 15 jins, the rem兵都aining 85 catties are waste錢照d, this part of the waste f師和ertilizer will increase 店志soil salinization or acidificat大頻ion. It is suggest門如ed that in the proces書她s of vegetable 聽機planting, compound fertilizer is 窗他only used as base fe信厭rtilizer, and water-s坐生oluble fertilizer is selected as f風街ar as possible.

For many vegetable fields, there is no 農街shortage of fertilizer in the soil, on商長ly more nitrogen, phosphorus and po要微tassium. The key黃小 problem now is: how to ac務草tivate the remaining nitrogen, phosp筆嗎horus and potassi技煙um in the soil, or that fixed by t木還he soil, bit by bit, 些樂so that the crops懂間 can be absorbed and utilized, rather有個 than excessive chemical fertilize嗎唱rs

Comtopdressing principle:答車 topdressing is not more, 媽你absorption is the key. No matter how快制 much it is, it is useless that 錯說the soil can not b如習e absorbed. The amount is approp報相riate to ensure tha廠但t the absorption and utilization小內 rate of fertilizer is increased 體老to 8%, and the dama藍熱ge to the soil will be less and 黃自less. The soil itself麗開 also has a buffer西科 ability, so that the 舊要soil will be better 能間and better.

3. Improvement of soil biological玩匠 traits

To improve soil biological traits, 亮術we must start fundamentally, and the be話湖st way is to treat bacteria with你花 bacteria. To increas低機e crop yield, b看資iological agents (bi她懂ological fertilizer) need to be add藍林ed to the soil. The most mature a了地pplication in China is海農 bacillus. Bacillus belongs to ba風草cteria with many species. It 睡秒is a particularly g空議ood bacterial group to a子理lleviate the repeated soil stubble, 村機which can reduce the occurr生票ence of soil-borne diseases, which is 業來a fundamental method.

The biological agents are 能低mainly fungi, such as myc長都orrhizal bacteri北女a, deep green wood mold. Compar場微ed with bacteria, the production proces件還s of fungi is more complex and 路行more difficult to purify. Foreign m自到anufacturers will also have some soi聽鐵l flora conditioner, using the principl技電e of biological stim現票ulator, rushed to the gr可東ound, can stimulate th是男e soil, the formation of suitabl道拍e for the soil flora, i林煙ncrease the content of beneficial bac是科teria, alleviate crop product車子ion and soil-borne diseases.

At present, the domestic fungus 道工fertilizer market is un樂綠even, vegetable farmers choose些樂, regardless of large or s少報mall manufacturers, regardless of t國自he level of bacteria, 術如should do the test demonstration說玩 in advance.